Ubuntu系统使用记录

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本文记录 Ubuntu 系统的使用过程。

不开启图形界面

场合：为节省资源，只使用命令终端。
方式：使用 root 执行：systemctl disable lightdm.service。重启即可。

注：禁止 lightdm 后，再次systemctl enable lightdm.service，重启，但无界面。
使用systemctl start lightdm.service进入登录界面，但输入密码后又回到登录界面，如此循环。
原因多种，本次遇到的是解决方法有：删除 HOME 目录的.Xauthority文件，将/tmp改为 777。输入密码可进入界面，每次启动均要start，即执行systemctl start lightdm.service。

界面自启动

安装

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sudo apt install gnome-terminal

测试：

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开机自动登录界面，编辑 `/etc/lxdm/default.conf`文件，打开 autologin，并设置真实用户名。 
编辑`/usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/20-lubuntu.conf`文件，内容如下：

[Seat:*]
user-session=Lubuntu # org

new add

autologin-user=latelee
autologin-user-timeout=0

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重启验证。注：测试发现，如果 timeout 为非 0，还是要手动点击登录。  


## 18.04 开机自启动
ubuntu18.04不再使用 inited 管理系统，改用 systemd。但也可以使用传统的rc.local启动脚本。  
systemd 默认会读取 /etc/systemd/system 下的配置文件，该目录下的文件会链接 /lib/systemd/system/ 下的文件。一般系统安装完 /lib/systemd/system/ 下会有 rc-local.service 文件，即我们需要的配置文件。
将 /lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service 链接到 /etc/systemd/system/ 目录下面来

ln -fs /lib/systemd/system/rc-local.service /etc/systemd/system/rc-local.service

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修改文件内容

sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/rc-local.service

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在文件末尾增加

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Alias=rc-local.service

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创建`/etc/rc.local`文件：

sudo touch /etc/rc.local
chmod +x /etc/rc.local

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编辑 /etc/rc.local 文件：

#!/bin/sh -e
#

rc.local

This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.

Make sure that the script will “exit 0” on success or any other

value on error.

In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution

bits.

By default this script does nothing.

add command here

exit 0

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启动后检查。  

## 修改主机名称

vim /etc/hostname

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修改为新的名称。

vim /etc/hosts

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将原名称改为新的名称（一般第二行）。重启即可。    

## 查看系统位数：
getconf LONG_BIT

root@raspberrypi:/etc/sudoers.d# uname -a
Linux raspberrypi 4.19.75-v7+ #1270 SMP Tue Sep 24 18:45:11 BST 2019 armv7l GNU/Linux
root@raspberrypi:/etc/sudoers.d# getconf LONG_BIT
32

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## sudo -s时不用输入密码
假设用户是latelee：

vim /etc/sudoers.d/011_latelee

latelee ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
或者：

echo “latelee ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL” > /etc/sudoers.d/011_latelee

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注：此方式在 Ubuntu 和 CentOS 中验证可行。  

## 删除系统日志

ubuntu 系统目录`/var/log/journal/`占用大量空间。使用`journalctl --vacuum-size=10M`清理。

du -h –max-depth=1

4.0G ./ec6bb6f4416403d80c9f435159954958
4.0G .

journalctl –vacuum-size=10M

Vacuuming done, freed 3.9G of archived journals on disk.

du -h –max-depth=1

25M ./ec6bb6f4416403d80c9f435159954958
25M 

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## 源

源文件：`/etc/apt/sources.list`。
### 18.04源
阿里云：

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

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### 16.04源
163源：

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

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阿里云：

deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus - Release amd64 (20160420.1)]/ xenial main restricted

deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse

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### 12.04版本
163源:

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

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